Press Releases
February 17, 2010
Gilead's Single-Tablet "Quad" Regimen for HIV Achieves a High Rate of Virologic Suppression in Phase II Study
"Simplified treatment regimens of co-formulated, fixed-dose medicines have become the standard of care in HIV therapy because they can help patients adhere to dosing schedules," said Calvin J. Cohen, MD, M.Sc., principal investigator and Director of Research, Community Research Initiative of New England. "These positive efficacy and safety results indicate that the Quad has the potential to become an important new treatment option in HIV therapy."
The Quad contains four Gilead compounds in a single, once-daily tablet: elvitegravir, an investigational integrase inhibitor for HIV; cobicistat, a pharmacoenhancing or "boosting" agent that increases blood levels of certain HIV medicines; and Truvada, which is itself a combination of the two HIV medicines emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Gilead is also studying cobicistat as a stand-alone boosting agent for other antiretroviral medications - in particular, once-daily protease inhibitors such as atazanavir. Currently, ritonavir is the only agent used to boost HIV therapy. Data from a Phase II clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cobicistat-boosted atazanavir plus Truvada compared to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus Truvada will also be presentedtoday at CROI.
"We are dedicated to developing new HIV treatment regimens that feature improved efficacy and tolerability profiles, both of which are increasingly important as patients remain on therapy for longer periods of time," said Norbert W. Bischofberger, PhD, Gilead's Executive Vice President, Research and Development and Chief Scientific Officer. "We are excited about these results and look forward to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to finalize the Phase III clinical program for the Quad and cobicistat."
Study 236-0104
Study 236-0104 is a double-blind, multicenter, randomized (2:1), active-controlled 48-week clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the Quad (n=48) versus Atripla (n=23) among HIV-infected treatment-naÑ-ve adults with viral load greater than or equal to 5,000 copies/mL and CD4 cell counts (a measure of immune system strength) greater than 50 cells/mm3 at baseline. Weeks 24 and 48 are the primary and secondary time points, respectively, for efficacy, which is measured by the proportion of patients with HIV RNA less than 50 copies/mL. Secondary objectives include the safety and tolerability of the two treatment regimens through 48 weeks.
At baseline, study participants in the Quad arm had a mean viral load of 4.59 log10 copies/mL and a median CD4 cell count of 354 cells/mm3. Patients in the Atripla arm of the study had a mean viral load of 4.58 log10 copies/mL and a median CD4 cell count of 436 cells/mm3 at baseline.
At 24 weeks, 90 percent of patients in the Quad arm and 83 percent of patients in the Atripla arm achieved the study's primary objective of HIV RNA levels of less than 50 copies/mL, using an analysis where missing equals failure, intent-to-treat population (difference in stratum-weighted response rate between Quad and Atripla = +5%; 95% CI: -11.0% to 21.1%). While this Phase II study had low power for formal efficacy comparisons, efficacy of the Quad met the statistical criteria of non-inferiority as compared to Atripla as defined by a pre-specified lower bound of the non-inferiority margin of -12 percent. In addition, when using an analysis where missing values are excluded, 96 and 95 percent of patients in the Quad and Atripla arms, respectively, achieved HIV RNA levels of less than 50 copies/mL after 24 weeks.
Patients taking the Quad experienced a median increase in CD4 cell count of 123 cells/mm3, compared to a median increase of 124 cells/mm3 among Atripla patients at 24 weeks.
Discontinuation rates and adverse events were similar in both arms of the study. Three patients discontinued treatment in each arm of the study; one of them, an Atripla patient, discontinued treatment due to an adverse event (suicidal ideation), whereas no patients discontinued the Quad due to an adverse event. The Quad arm had fewer drug-related adverse events, particularly fewer central nervous system (CNS) adverse events. The most commonly observed treatment-emergent adverse events occurring in greater than 5 percent of patients in either treatment arm were abnormal dreams/nightmares, dizziness, fatigue, somnolence, diarrhea and headache. There were no Grade 3 or 4 adverse events among Quad patients. Two Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported among Atripla patients (B-cell lymphoma with lymphadenopathy and neutropenia).
There was a similar incidence of laboratory abnormalities (Grades 2-4) across both arms of the study. Laboratory abnormalities occurring in greater than 5 percent of patients in either treatment arm included increases in amylase, decreased neutrophils, increases in total cholesterol and proteinuria. Median increases in cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides were small and similar in both arms of the study.
Study 216-0105
Study216-0105 is a double-blind, multicenter, randomized (2:1), active-controlled 48-week clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cobicistat-boosted atazanavir (n=50) compared to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (n=29), each in combination with Truvada, in HIV-infected treatment-naÑ-ve adults with viral load greater than or equal to 5,000 copies/mL and CD4 cell counts greater than 50 cells/mm3 at baseline. This study has the same primary and secondary objectives as the Quad Phase II study.
At baseline, study participants in the cobicistat arm had a mean viral load of 4.56 log10 copies/mL and a median CD4 cell count of 341 cells/mm3. Patients in the ritonavir arm of the study had a mean viral load of 4.69 log10 copies/mL and a median CD4 cell count of 367 cells/mm3 at baseline.
At 24 weeks, 84 percent of patients in the cobicistat group and 86 percent of those in the ritonavir group met the primary objective of achieving HIV RNA levels of less than 50 copies/mL, using an analysis where missing equals failure, intent-to-treat population (difference in stratum-weighted response rate between cobicistat and ritonavir = -1.9%; 95% CI: -18.4% to 14.7%). In addition, when using an analysis where missing values are excluded, 91 and 96 percent of patients in the cobicistat and ritonavir arms, respectively, achieved HIV RNA levels of less than 50 copies/mL after 24 weeks.
Patients taking a cobicistat-boosted regimen experienced a median increase in CD4 cell count of 206 cells/mm3, compared to a median increase of 190 cells/mm3 among patients taking a ritonavir-boosted regimen at 24 weeks.
Discontinuation rates were similar between study arms. Two cobicistat patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events (vomiting and rash) as did one ritonavir patient (scleral icterus). The most commonly observed treatment-emergent adverse events occurring in greater than 5 percent of patients in either treatment arm were nausea, diarrhea and fatigue.There were two Grade 3 or 4 adverse events among cobicistat-treated patients (anemia and rash) and none among patients in the ritonavir arm.
There was a similar incidence of laboratory abnormalities (Grades 2-4) across both arms of the study. Laboratory abnormalities (Grades 2-4) occurring in greater than 5 percent of patients in either treatment arm included elevations in bilirubin (greater than 2.5 x ULN), increases in amylase and increases in total cholesterol. Median increases in cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides were small and similar in both arms of the study.
In the two Phase II studies, no patients receiving cobicistat experienced Grade 3 or 4 aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, which are measures of liver function. Small increases in serum creatinine (a value used to estimate kidney function) with resulting decreases in estimated creatinine clearance (by Cockroft-Gault) were observed in the Phase II studies. Results from a separate renal study in healthy volunteers indicate that cobicistat does not affect actual glomerular filtration rates (GFR) as assessed by iohexol clearance (a true measure of kidney function). The increase in serum creatinine with cobicistat occurs within days of drug initiation and is reversible with values returning to baseline within days after cessation of cobicistat.
About Elvitegravir
Elvitegravir is an HIV integrase inhibitor. Unlike other classes of antiretroviral agents, integrase inhibitors interfere with HIV replication by blocking the ability of the virus to integrate into the genetic material of human cells. Elvitegravir was licensed by Gilead from Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT) in March 2005. Under the terms of Gilead's agreement with JT, Gilead has exclusive rights to develop and commercialize elvitegravir in all countries of the world, excluding Japan, where JT retains rights.
About Cobicistat
Cobicistat (formerly GS 9350) is Gilead's proprietary potent mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), an enzyme that metabolizes drugs in the body. In addition to studying the agent as part of an integrase-based fixed-dose regimen, Gilead is also examining cobicistat's potential stand-alone role in boosting commercially available HIV protease inhibitors, which are used in many HIV treatment regimens.
The integrase-based fixed-dose regimen (the "Quad"), elvitegravir and cobicistat are investigational products and have not yet been determined safe or efficacious in humans.
Important Product Safety Information About Truvada and Atripla
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals including Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), a component of Atripla and Truvada. Atripla and Truvada are not approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and their safety and efficacy have not been established in patients co-infected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV who have discontinued Atripla or Truvada.Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are co-infected with HBV and HIV-1 and discontinue Atripla or Truvada. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B treatment may be warranted.
It is important for patients to be aware that anti-HIV medicines including Atripla and Truvada do not cure HIV infection or AIDS and do not reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others.
Additional Important Information About Truvada
Truvada is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing 200 mg of emtricitabine (Emtriva) and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread). In the United States, Truvada is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents (such as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults.
Truvada should not be coadministered with Atripla, Emtriva, Viread or lamivudine-containing products, including Combivir(R) (lamivudine/zidovudine), Epivir(R) or Epivir-HBV(R) (lamivudine), Epzicom(R) (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine) or Trizivir(R) (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine/zidovudine). In treatment-experienced patients, the use of Truvada should be guided by laboratory testing and treatment history.
Emtricitabine and tenofovir are principally eliminated by the kidneys. Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been reported in association with the use of Viread. It is recommended that creatinine clearance be calculated in all patients prior to initiating therapy with Truvada and as clinically appropriate during therapy. Routine monitoring of calculated creatinine clearance and serum phosphorous should be performed in patients at risk for renal impairment including patients who have previously experienced renal events while receiving Hepsera (adefovir dipivoxil). Dosing interval adjustment and close monitoring of renal function are recommended in all patients with creatinine clearance 30-49 ml/min. Truvada should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent. Truvada should not be administered with Hepsera.
Coadministration of Truvada and didanosine should be undertaken with caution. Patients should be monitored closely for didanosine-associated adverse events and didanosine should be discontinued if these occur. Dose reduction of didanosine should be considered, if warranted. Patients on atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir plus Truvada should be monitored for Truvada-associated adverse events and Truvada should be discontinued if these occur. When co-administered with Truvada, it is recommended that atazanavir be boosted with ritonavir 100 mg. Atazanavir without ritonavir should not be co-administered with Truvada.
Decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and hip have been seen with the use of Viread. The effect on long-term bone health and future fracture risk is unknown. BMD monitoring should be considered in patients with a history of pathologic fractures or who are at risk for osteopenia. Cases of osteomalacia (associated with proximal renal tubulopathy and which may contribute to fractures) have been reported in association with the use of Viread.
Changes in body fat have been observed in patients taking anti-HIV medicines. Immune Reconstitution Syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination therapy, including Viread and Emtriva, and may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Most common adverse reactions (incidence greater-than or equal to 10%) are diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, insomnia, abnormal dreams, and rash.
The parent compound of Viread was discovered through a collaborative research effort between Dr. Antonin Holy, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (IOCB) in Prague and Dr. Erik DeClercq, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholic University in Leuven, Belgium. The inventors of Viread have agreed to waive their right to a royalty on sales of Viread and Truvada in the Gilead Access Program countries to ensure the product can be offered at a no-profit price in parts of the world where the epidemic has hit the hardest.
For complete prescribing information for Truvada, visit www.Truvada.com.
Additional Important Information About Atripla
In the United States, Atripla is indicated for use alone as a complete regimen or in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults.
Atripla contains the components of Truvada (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) and Sustiva (efavirenz), co-formulated as a single tablet. As such, the important safety information appearing in the above Truvada section also applies to Atripla, in addition to the following important product information.
As a fixed-dose regimen of Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), Emtriva (emtricitabine) and Sustiva (efavirenz), Atripla should not be coadministered with Viread, Emtriva, Truvada (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) or Sustiva. Due to similarities between Emtriva and lamivudine, Atripla should not be coadministered with drugs containing lamivudine, including Combivir(R) (lamivudine/zidovudine), Epivir(R) or Epivir-HBV(R) (lamivudine), Epzicom(R) (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine) or Trizivir(R) (abacavir sulfate/lamivudine/zidovudine).
Atripla should not be taken with bepridil, cisapride, midazolam, pimozide, triazolam, or ergot derivatives due to a contraindication with efavirenz. Use of Atripla with voriconazole, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) or St. John's wort-containing products is not recommended. Use of Atripla with atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir is not recommended.
Atripla should not be given to patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 ml/min.
Serious psychiatric adverse experiences, including severe depression (2.4 percent), suicidal ideation (0.7 percent), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5 percent), aggressive behavior (0.4 percent), paranoid reactions (0.4 percent) and manic reactions (0.2 percent) have been reported in patients treated with efavirenz, a component of Atripla. In addition to efavirenz, factors identified in a clinical study that were associated with an increase in psychiatric symptoms included a history of injection drug use, psychiatric history and use of psychiatric medication. There have been occasional reports of death by suicide, delusions, and psychosis-like behavior, but it could not be determined if efavirenz was the cause. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should be evaluated immediately to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits. Patients should tell their doctor if they have a history of mental illness or are using drugs or alcohol.
Fifty-three percent of patients in clinical studies have reported central nervous system symptoms including dizziness (28.1 percent), insomnia (16.3 percent), impaired concentration (8.3 percent), somnolence (7.0 percent), abnormal dreams (6.2 percent) and hallucinations (1.2 percent) when taking efavirenz compared to 25 percent of patients receiving control regimens. These symptoms usually begin during the first or second day of therapy and generally resolve after the first two to four weeks of therapy. After four weeks of therapy, the prevalence of central nervous system symptoms of at least moderate severity ranged from 5 to 9 percent in patients treated with regimens containing efavirenz. Nervous system symptoms are not predictive of the less frequent psychiatric symptoms.
Women should not become pregnant or breastfeed while taking Atripla. Serious birth defects have been seen in children of women treated with efavirenz during pregnancy. Women must use a reliable form of barrier contraception, such as a condom, for 12 weeks after discontinuation of ATRIPLA even if they also use other methods of birth control.
Rash is a common side effect that usually goes away without any change in treatment. Rash may be a serious problem in some patients.
In patients with known or suspected history of hepatitis B or C and in patients treated with other medications associated with liver toxicity, monitoring of liver enzymes is recommended.
Atripla should be used with caution in patients with a history of seizures. Convulsions have been observed in patients receiving efavirenz, generally in the presence of a known medical history of seizures.
Invirase(R) (saquinavir) should not be used as the only protease inhibitor in combination with Atripla.
The most significant adverse events observed in patients treated with Sustiva are nervous system symptoms, psychiatric symptoms and rash. The most common adverse events (at least 5 percent) observed in clinical studies with Sustiva include fatigue, pain, dizziness, headache, insomnia, impaired concentration, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, depression, rash and pruritus.
For complete prescribing information for Atripla, visit www.Atripla.com.
About Gilead Sciences
Gilead Sciences is a biopharmaceutical company that discovers, develops and commercializes innovative therapeutics in areas of unmet medical need. The company's mission is to advance the care of patients suffering from life-threatening diseases worldwide. Headquartered in Foster City, California, Gilead has operations in North America, Europe and Australia.
Forward-Looking Statement
This press release includes forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, including risks related to Gilead's ability to finalize the Phase III program for the Quad and cobicistat with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in a timely manner or at all. In addition, there may be unfavorable results of the ongoing or any further clinical trials of the Quad or cobicistat, and Gilead may need to modify or delay such clinical trials. Gilead may ultimately be unable to obtain the FDA and other regulatory body approvals, and as a result, the Quad or cobicistat may never be successfully commercialized. Further, Gilead may make a strategic decision to discontinue development of the Quad or cobicistat if, for example, it believes commercialization will be difficult relative to other opportunities in its pipeline. These risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those referred to in the forward-looking statements. The reader is cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. Gilead directs readers to its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the third quarter of 2009. Gilead claims the protection of the Safe Harbor contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based on information currently available to Gilead, and Gilead assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.
U.S. full prescribing information for Truvada is available at www.Truvada.com.
U.S. full prescribing information for Atripla is available at www.Atripla.com.
U.S. full prescribing information for Viread is available at www.Viread.com.
U.S. full prescribing information for Emtriva is available at www.GileadHIV.com.
U.S. full prescribing information for Hepsera is available at www.Hepsera.com.
Truvada, Viread, Emtriva and Hepsera are registered trademarks of Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Atripla is a registered trademark of Bristol-Myers Squibb & Gilead Sciences, LLC.
For more information on Gilead Sciences, please visit the company's website at www.gilead.com or call Gilead Public Affairs at 1-800-GILEAD-5 or 1-650-574-3000.
SOURCE: Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Patrick O'Brien, 650-522-1936 (Investors)
Cara Miller, 650-522-1616 (Media)